Research Use Only
All products are intended solely for laboratory research and are not for human or animal consumption. By purchasing, the buyer agrees to use these products in compliance with all applicable laws.
SS-31 is a synthetic tetrapeptide composed of four amino acids. It was originally developed as part of the Szeto-Schiller peptide series, a class of aromatic-cationic compounds designed to concentrate within the inner mitochondrial membrane. Since its characterization in the early 2000s, SS-31 has been studied extensively in controlled experimental settings for its potential influence on cardiolipin stabilization, reactive oxygen species, and mitochondrial bioenergetics.
Zhao K. et al. (2004).
The peptide was first developed by Hazel Szeto and Peter Schiller at Weill Cornell Medical College while investigating antioxidants that could reach the primary site of free-radical generation. Early experiments focused on its ability to concentrate at the inner mitochondrial membrane and preserve mitochondrial integrity under oxidative stress. Over time, studies broadened into cardiac, neuronal, renal, and systemic systems, where SS-31 (later developed as elamipretide) consistently demonstrated properties of interest in the context of mitochondrial function and biological resilience.
Birk A.V. et al. (2013).
SS-31 Structure
CAS #: 736992-21-5
Molecular Formula: C₃₂H₄₉N₉O₅
Molecular Weight: 639.80 g/mol
PubChem ID: 11764719
SS-31 has been studied in cardiac, neuronal, renal, and systemic models, with reports of activity in cardiolipin binding, reactive oxygen species reduction, cristae stabilization, and ATP synthesis. Research also highlights signaling roles in preclinical systems, supporting cellular integrity and pathway dynamics. Key Areas of Research:
Mitochondrial: Cardiolipin, cristae, membrane potential
Bioenergetic: ATP synthesis, electron transport, ROS
Cardiac: Ischemia, heart failure, myocyte models
Systemic: Neuroprotection, renal, pathway dynamics
Together, these findings suggest broad experimental utility for SS-31 across multiple biological pathways. Its activity in cardiac, neuronal, and systemic models provides a foundation for exploring diverse aspects of molecular biology. By influencing processes such as cardiolipin stabilization, reactive oxygen species reduction, and molecular signaling, SS-31 offers a versatile platform for research into pathway dynamics and systemic resilience within experimental settings.
Reid Thompson W. et al., Genetics in Medicine, 2021
References
Zhao K. et al. (2004). Cell-permeable peptide antioxidants targeted to the inner mitochondrial membrane inhibit mitochondrial swelling, oxidative cell death, and reperfusion injury.
Birk A.V. et al. (2013). The mitochondrial-targeted compound SS-31 re-energizes ischemic mitochondria by interacting with cardiolipin.
Yang L. et al. (2009). Mitochondria-targeted peptides protect against MPTP neurotoxicity in an experimental Parkinson's model.
Our Process
Text us, our dedicated team is here to help
Frequently Asked Questions
Everything you need to know about our products and processes.
What's the actual amount in each vial?
Are additional supplies needed?
How long does a vial last?
Does the product come with instructions?
What purity level is guaranteed?
How should I store these products?
